Businesses are built on relationships. What do you think this Essay

Businesses are built on relationships. What do you think this statement means What are the implications for managing th - Essay Example Moreover both the parties should let each other know what is their importance. The relationships in business may be of many types like buyer–seller, investors, distributors, middlemen, channel partners etc. Without any relationship in the business world it will become extremely difficult to expand and continue the business. It also depends upon the type of business you are in and upon the responsibilities you have. For instance, if your business is sales, marketing or any of such kind then building strong business relationships is a must. The external environment has a very strong impact on the businesses which may be directly interactive or indirectly interactive. Directly interactive, forces include owners, customers, employees, suppliers, competitors etc. The owners expect that the managers will work in the best interest of the firm and the customers expect that their demand is satisfied by the products they use. The suppliers require timely payments from the organization. The second is the indirectly interactive force which includes political, legal, technological, socio-cultural, changes. For instance, if a company deals in technology it will greatly be affected by the new softwares which are coming up then to a company which does not.

Sophists’ Philosophical Contributions Essay Example for Free

Sophists’ Philosophical Contributions Essay It is often a debate in philosophy which was the truth or the sham or if there exists such as natural or divine but nowadays many seem to not care for life can get along even without knowing the philosophy behind these. Philosophers by then are very concerned and intrigued on the searching for and on classifying things whether it is a knowledge or an opinion or a truth or mere interpretations. Some could find this debate unnecessary but for epistemological sakes it is important to tackle this one fundamental of philosophy. The glory that was Greece† is accompanied by a picture of a flourishing civilization: in education, economy, social and political aspects. There were paradigm shifts that are deeply rooted from the historical bloom of democracy in Athens. In this form of government, Athenians have Council of aristocrats who will suggest laws and measures but the Assembly of free men has the power to veto them. There are many city-states by then but Athens managed to be the center of power or the capital of Greece because they lead to the abandonment of the Persians in Greek lands. It was by the cleverness of Themistocles to not follow what the Oracle of Delphi suggested on which strategy to do to defeat the Persians. After they, together with the Spartans, have won the war, Athens became a sea power which gave their citizens a chance later on to do trade and merchandising. Then the Athenian life commenced to flourish in all the aspects of being the prime and respected city-state of Greece (Melchert 17). The rise of intellectuals enticed many Athenians to pursue education so the demand for teachers also rose. Sophists are teacher travelers who move from a place to the other according to where the education demand is. They charge money for their service thus most of their pupils are of middle-class or of the rich and they claim to teach excellence by training them how to master their own affairs, to manage their household, and to be a leader. In short, Sophistical education aims in molding a pupil into a better man and a great leader of society who will be an expert in public relations and politics. Though Sophists have no one doctrine, all of them teach ‘rhetoric which is the principle and practice of persuasive speaking which is seen by the Sophists essential to a man who wishes to be a better man and a public icon or leader. It teaches the students that if there are two sides on the issue, a skilled rhetorician should be able to explore and present both sides of the argument, from which, one can choose which side to defend. In modern debate this mechanics would work for a debater to foresee what his or her opponent will say and with this, the chance of winning an argument is large. It is therefore, winning an argumentative debate depends heavily on the rhetorical skills of a person, whether or not he is saying the truth or whether or not he is after the truth. Sophists do not believe into what philosophers like Heraclitus is asserting for they say that there is no one logos (what could be said) or nothing is ‘common to all. ’ That all things, as they agree with Democritus, depend on what man considers to be true, real, and essential, thus all a man could have is opinion – not knowledge, not truth. They suggest that human beings are confined on our senses and truth is beyond us, beyond the capability of the senses. Man can only infer from what he senses and the information can only ‘represent some probabilities’ of what is real and true so the best man can only attain are inexact certainties, all beyond are not to be talked about (Melchert 42-44). From here it is proven that Sophists are somehow like Democritus: empiricists. Sophists’ relativism point of view is best summarized in the famous line of Protagoras: Of all the measure is man: of all existing things, that they exist, of non-existing things, that they do not exist (DK S0 B 1, IEGP, 245). Since it is impossible for human to go beyond what we sense, man is the measure or the ‘final judge’ of how things are. This means that man is the standard of all things so what may be true to me can be false to you and then we stop arguing for neither of us is true nor false. With this, knowledge could not be distinguished from opinion so the ‘majority’ chooses the best opinion to which they are going to agree or convene with. Sophists’ relativism put a stress on the difference of physis (nature of things in general) and nomos (things that are according to how human beings decided what they should be so). Nomos in short is the relativist view which again tells us that whichever is which does not give us a hint of it is right or wrong. Of course the world would be in chaos if people are to go on to whichever way they would want thus laws are made to have a social arrangement. But who will provide or say what the best settlement is? What Sophists are trying to inject in Athenians’ minds in this point is that if you are an excellent rhetorician, you can win the hearts of the many and thus convince the majority. It is not of concern whether the laws made are just or not because whatever the majority says so (as what is appealing or seeming to be just for them) wins. Example, death penalty can be just to the Arabian countries but not in some Christian countries. This is supported as well by the persistent amendments and additional ratifications in the constitutions of countries; laws change according to the changing need of present society. Therefore, as Sophists claim, it is the nomos or customs which dictates all (Melchert 44-47). Plato, on the other hand is concerned on the nature and clarification of concepts such as right and justice however he always left his argumentation open (Hummel 3). He designed a utopian Republic for Plato; the world of ideas is permanent and more ‘real’ than the world of facts because facts are in constant flux. The object therefore of Platonic education is not a know-how but a moral and political discipline for the real aim of education is not personal growth but for the service of state. Plato despised the Sophistical education by accusing them of being magicians who ‘shadow play on words’ (Hummel 8). Plato, like his Socrates, believes that truth and reality is already there when we were born, it is just that we need to ‘recollect’ them. It is reflected on his Republic that the power of the state should not be on the masses but rather to one philosopher-king, who is almost perfect and god-like to save Athens from degeneration that Sophists started. This leader is capable of distinguishing the truth; what is ethical and just (Kreis Greek Thought). But how would the people know who is the wisest among the citizens? This suggestion seems to have a loophole because if not all citizens are educated, then masses could still fall on the hands of the best speaker, the best in the art of controlling the masses. Plato, in his talk to Gorgias, said that majority system is lame for the rules they agree upon is according to the personal interests of the strongest. He suggested that like Xerxes, people should always act according to the natural law even though it is different with the man-made laws. Plato also insisted that we must first look at nature to find evidences on classifying right or wrong and eventually only after this, we could say what justice is. It seems that Plato is undeniably ideal for he is convinced that truth and reality (which lies on nature) are hard to recollect but he suggest never to stop and to settle on the foolish agreements of man-made laws. If this is the case, then it seems that he is suggesting that before we make laws, know nature first, but this is hard (as he admitted) or almost impossible (like Sophists said). It could be summed up here that man-made laws are temporarily there and it they should undergo certain revisions and amendments according to how far human race conceive what is nature. Again, who will say that man-made laws should be amended? Plato will say that it must be the wisest and Sophists say it must be the people (whoever leader they believe and follow in). Overall, it is the strongest and wisest that will control and reign thus people must consider, as Plato suggests, the one with ‘true’ morality. Aristotle continued the defiance of Plato against the Sophists but has a different method of approach. He did not believe that man is already pre-imposed with knowledge for man acquires knowledge solely on experience. From here, we can see the essence and continuing influence of those two famous Western philosophical knowledge traditions – rationalism and empiricism. The earlier tradition states that knowledge is a priori (exists before experience) and the latter states that it is a posteriori (exists after experience) (Kreis Greek Thought). Being a scientist rather than a mathematician, Aristotle is an empiricist but his line of philosophy does not follow that of the Sophists. He explained that there is nothing beyond time and space thus all knowledge and truth is confined here, only within the universe. It is not man who naturally has the knowledge as Plato insists but it is the universe which has, and that experience is needed by man to collect them. In empirical or existing things, we can derive abstract thoughts i. e. different skin colors could make man think that there could be inequality. In Aristotle’s Law of Non-Contradiction, he states that X can not be both Y and non-Y can not also be X (Plato cont. ). This gives us a hint on his refutations on the reasoning of Sophists because Sophists claim that it is acceptable to choose either ways (relativism). It can be seen here that Aristotle’s logic was not observed by the Sophists for X is absolute and Y as well so there must be no blurred or mixed distinctions. It seems that Aristotle is saying that what is right is right, a wrong cold never be right. It came down that all the accusations of Aristotle and Plato on Sophists deteriorating the education and the morals of the citizens (thus affecting the justice views) are true but their wide and long acceptance means that Sophists say something that Plato and Aristotle failed to refute fully. It is still a continuous search whether what we believe to be just today is really just or we may stay not to care for nature at all and go for the majority. Plato and Aristotle give us their ‘ideal’ holistic view on the true nature of abstract thoughts such as justice. Though different in approaches, with Aristotle appearing like integrating the empiricist and rational disposition, both still help in giving us exercises or hints on how to think and re-examine life for us to be a more ‘human’ as all philosophers want human to be.

love :: essays research papers

Ordinary People is the story of both Conrad and Calvin Jarrett. Because the novel focuses on two different people, there are several conflicts throughout the novel that are specific to those individuals. The central question in Conrad's story is whether he will be able to recover after his suicide attempt. As Dr. Berger points out, half the people who attempt suicide will try to do it again at some point in their lives. The inclusion of Karen's suicide towards the end of the novel is a way of reminding the reader that Conrad may not have recovered completely even when he seems to be getting better; after all, Karen seemed to be doing well when Conrad met her for a Coke earlier in the novel. The main question in Calvin's story is whether he and Beth will be able to make amends. Their conflict is based essentially in a communication problem: Calvin believes that the way to heal the wounds of the past is to talk through them and discuss feelings, while Beth only wants to move on from the past. She dislikes Calvin's attitude and his insistence on worrying about his son. The conflict between the two parents is resolved at the end of the novel when Beth leaves. Structurally, the novel does two things. First, it alternates back and forth between the stories of Calvin and Conrad, with each chapter shedding some new light on their individual struggles and conflicts. This alternating style gives the novel a kind of mirror-image structure: just as Conrad gets better over the course of the novel until he is really healed, the marriage between Calvin and Beth spirals downward until it fails. The second structural tactic of the novel is that it begins in a world that is already in some way ruined: Buck has already died, and Conrad has already tried to commit suicide even before the first chapter opens. On the one hand, this indicates that the book is a novel about healing and rebuilding a ruined world, rather than about how that world got ruined in the first place. This structure, however, also gives the book a reverse coming-of-age feel. There are countless children's books about boys who begin the novel as innocent kids and after a series of life experiences end the novel as slightly more mature and wiser young adults (Huckleberry Finn and The Catcher in the Rye are examples.) Ordinary People tells a coming-of-age story backwards. Conrad has already been through his moment of great experience--the death of Buck--and the novel is really the story of how

Feminism as Sponsored by Gatorade and Nike :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Feminism as Sponsored by Gatorade and Nike The fourth wave of feminism is here and it is based solely on physical achievement. Exercise and sport has become one of the few arenas in which female competition is welcomed and savored. Commercials feature prominent female athletes challenging males, chanting the slogan "anything you can do, I can do better." Due to a variety of factors--improved knowledge about women's health, decreased focus on child-bearing, a cultural ideal of a fit and trim body--athletic success is now an acceptable and applauded goal for women, but at what cost? Part of this focus on the body must be due to the backlash against feminism. I am not speaking of Susan Faludi's theory and examples, but instead of a further backlash against her and everything for which she stands. The focus on the physical is a reaction against the intellectual. It is as if these women are saying "screw postmodern feminist theory. I've got work to do." I have met high school students who say feminism has nothing to do with them and that they are not feminists themselves, but these same girls win basketball scholarships and fight the school board to be placed on the football team. Where did the feminist label get such a bad reputation? Susan Faludi has some ideas in Backlash, but the student athletes will likely never read her book. They have little patience for feminist theory, but appreciate feminist practice. Instead of getting active in politics or academia, they get active on the courts and fields. Feminism has become not a battle of the minds, but a battle of the backhands. When the United States' women's team won the World Cup, the nation rejoiced. Soccer is not known as an American game, especially with its worldwide popularity. For some reason though, women have often been encouraged to play soccer in physical education classes the past twenty years; this is likely because no special equipment such as helmets, padding, etc. is required, thus keeping public school budgets well in check. While the men's team lost, the women's team won. It gave the United States a source of patriotism, a rariety in these global times. However, what I heard most comments from spectators did not revolve around the game itself, but the moments immediately following the dramatic conclusion. When Brandi Chastain stripped off her jersey and ran in her sports bra, that was the image that most people remember.

Nursing Essay

Introduction It is typically impossible to satisfactorily talk about a health facility without a thought of doctors and or nurses being a part of it. Even though these are two different personalities in terms of what their duties are, they all function towards a common good of restoring good health and therefore one can hardly function properly without the other. This piece is going to compare and contrast the nurse and a doctor in terms of their place in the health care system (roles, remuneration, social expectations and training). In terms of differences, the training that nurses receive enable them to function as general health practitioners who execute their functions to any population suffering from various forms of diseases like cancers, Communicable diseases or even HIV/AIDS. The doctors on the other hand are always trained in specific lines like pediatric, Gaenacology, Orthopedic, Optical medicine or general Surgery among others. In terms of training, it is always expected that nurses undergo a four year training during which the nurse is expected to have gone to the hospital set up and train on how to execute their expected roles. After the completion of this, one can easily qualify to work as a Registered Nurse so long as he/she passes this section as expected. This is quite the contrary with the training of doctors. While they are also supposed to undertake a clinical at the hospital set up during their first years of training, they normally have to apply and be admitted to a medical school after the first graduation (Prince, 2010). During this time it is expected that the doctor shall have gained more experience after graduating. This latter face is where the doctor is now expected to memorize the diseases, their prognosis, diagnosis and etiology among other factors in  detail. In most cases, the doctor normally takes most of his time giving opinion on what needs to be done and the diagnosis while the nurse mostly does what the doctor has said should be done. It is common to find that a nurse enjoys a very close relationship with patients than doctors who most of the time try to detach themselves. There is also a slight difference in times of the job demands where doctors always have to read a lot of books do research and compare notes with other practitioners as a way of offering updated care. The nurses on the other hand rely more on their experience since most of the works are routines. This is even explained by the various guidelines used across the nursing profession except for parts that have to be altered simply for purposes of cultural differences. Finally, it is also common knowledge that doctors are better than nurses in terms of remunerations. For instance, while it is expected that a registered Nurse will earn an average of about $57, 000 per an num, a registered doctor earns between $ 160, 000 – $ 240, 000 per annum (Coyle, 2011). Both the doctors and nurses also have certain common functions. It is for instance expected that both the registered nurse and registered doctors for instance have the responsibility to supervise all the juniors that work under them. Both doctors and nurses equally have the opportunity to work in various avenues including medical schools, private and even public hospitals. It is also important to note that both the nurse and the doctor are part of a common goal to restore good health in the sick population (Floyd, 2009). Without the doctor diagnosing, the nurse will not know the medications or medical interventions to undertake on a patient. The doctor on the other hand would not achieve his/her mission without the parts performed by the nurse. In conclusion, doctors and nurses are medical personnel that have interrelated work where one cannot function properly without the other especially in a large clinic set up. While they both work for a common goal, they have different responsibilities; something that makes them to seek different information. References Coyle, D.G. (2011). The complicated role of the doctor in the health setup. New York: Rutledge. Floyd, Alexander. (2009). Doctors and Nurses in the clinic setup. Chicago; Riverside Prince, Kyle. (2010). Health practitioners; the challenges and roles at the work place. London: Prentice hall

Free Essays on Out Of Control Operating Costs

Out of Control Operating Costs and the Major Airlines BY Abstract Out of control operating costs is one reason that the major airlines today are having the financial difficulties they do. The industry has changed dramatically in the last few years, and those that don’t change with it will not survive. The lower cost airlines seem to have captured the changing market and been able to benefit during the evolution. Many reasons are to blame for the majors being on the loosing end of the stick, but in this paper I will only discuss a few of the most important ones. The airline industry today faces more financial problems than ever before. Since 2001, the U.S. airline industry has confronted financial losses of previously unseen proportions. From 2001 to 2003, the industry lost $23 billion, and two of the nation’s biggest airlines have gone into bankruptcy. In the first quarter of 2004, only two of the seven major airlines, American and Southwest, made profits (Bond 2004). In addition to rising fuel and equipment costs, fares have stayed extremely low because of fierce competition with low cost carriers. US Airways, the seventh largest carrier, based out of Charlotte, NC seems to have the biggest problem. The airline emerged out of bankruptcy only a year ago and takes in revenues that would produce a profit at most other airlines, yet continues to be in the red. In order to see possible solutions for the major airline industries out of control operating cost this paper will analyze the problems facing the industry. Before the Deregulation Act of 1978, the airlines were heavily controlled by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). This Board controlled ticket prices as well as routes and flight frequency. Ticket prices at that time were too high to truly promote the air industry. Other modes of transportation were far more cost effective to the c... Free Essays on Out Of Control Operating Costs Free Essays on Out Of Control Operating Costs Out of Control Operating Costs and the Major Airlines BY Abstract Out of control operating costs is one reason that the major airlines today are having the financial difficulties they do. The industry has changed dramatically in the last few years, and those that don’t change with it will not survive. The lower cost airlines seem to have captured the changing market and been able to benefit during the evolution. Many reasons are to blame for the majors being on the loosing end of the stick, but in this paper I will only discuss a few of the most important ones. The airline industry today faces more financial problems than ever before. Since 2001, the U.S. airline industry has confronted financial losses of previously unseen proportions. From 2001 to 2003, the industry lost $23 billion, and two of the nation’s biggest airlines have gone into bankruptcy. In the first quarter of 2004, only two of the seven major airlines, American and Southwest, made profits (Bond 2004). In addition to rising fuel and equipment costs, fares have stayed extremely low because of fierce competition with low cost carriers. US Airways, the seventh largest carrier, based out of Charlotte, NC seems to have the biggest problem. The airline emerged out of bankruptcy only a year ago and takes in revenues that would produce a profit at most other airlines, yet continues to be in the red. In order to see possible solutions for the major airline industries out of control operating cost this paper will analyze the problems facing the industry. Before the Deregulation Act of 1978, the airlines were heavily controlled by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). This Board controlled ticket prices as well as routes and flight frequency. Ticket prices at that time were too high to truly promote the air industry. Other modes of transportation were far more cost effective to the c...

Free Essays on Travel Destinations

There are different categories of destination sites where people decide to travel. Types of destinations include: ethnic, cultural, historical, religion, environmental, recreational and business travel. Each individual tourist has different expectations and wants when they travel. Each destination generally speaking, has many cultural resources which are key factors in travel, food of that region, vegetation, history, different sites, museums, art, music, shows and entertainment, moreover the mentality of that particular region. What a region has to offer to the tourists is the main factor that brings the tourists to that area, depending on what they are looking for and why they are traveling. For example, a person wanting to travel to see historical sites and historical culture and background may decide to go to Europe to see famous sites such as Versailles in France where Luis the XIV set up a court for all his nobles. On the other hand a person who is looking for a relaxing vaca tion may want to travel to the Caribbean to enjoy the natural environment and beautiful weather. National and international events play a huge role in tourism and can be the reason as to why people do or do not travel to a particular country. More importantly, people travel for different reasons but the fact is travel and tourism is a huge industry that is continuing to grow and expand. There have been many different tourism trends, economic impacts and downfalls throughout history. Although there are negative effects of tourism, the positive impact tourism creates is more often beneficial to communities. Today, tourism is one of the most established and number one industry in many counties. It is also one of the fastest-growing economic sectors responsible for foreign exchange earnings and job creation. Travel and tourism has become one of the world’s most continuously growing sources of employment. Tourism not only provides a region with employmen... Free Essays on Travel Destinations Free Essays on Travel Destinations There are different categories of destination sites where people decide to travel. Types of destinations include: ethnic, cultural, historical, religion, environmental, recreational and business travel. Each individual tourist has different expectations and wants when they travel. Each destination generally speaking, has many cultural resources which are key factors in travel, food of that region, vegetation, history, different sites, museums, art, music, shows and entertainment, moreover the mentality of that particular region. What a region has to offer to the tourists is the main factor that brings the tourists to that area, depending on what they are looking for and why they are traveling. For example, a person wanting to travel to see historical sites and historical culture and background may decide to go to Europe to see famous sites such as Versailles in France where Luis the XIV set up a court for all his nobles. On the other hand a person who is looking for a relaxing vaca tion may want to travel to the Caribbean to enjoy the natural environment and beautiful weather. National and international events play a huge role in tourism and can be the reason as to why people do or do not travel to a particular country. More importantly, people travel for different reasons but the fact is travel and tourism is a huge industry that is continuing to grow and expand. There have been many different tourism trends, economic impacts and downfalls throughout history. Although there are negative effects of tourism, the positive impact tourism creates is more often beneficial to communities. Today, tourism is one of the most established and number one industry in many counties. It is also one of the fastest-growing economic sectors responsible for foreign exchange earnings and job creation. Travel and tourism has become one of the world’s most continuously growing sources of employment. Tourism not only provides a region with employmen...

Least, Less, More, and Most

Least, Less, More, and Most â€Å"Least,† â€Å"Less,† â€Å"More,† and â€Å"Most† â€Å"Least,† â€Å"Less,† â€Å"More,† and â€Å"Most† By Mark Nichol The adjectives least, less, more, and most present difficulties for writers when the words are paired with other adjectives: Should hyphens be employed? And what about when little, much, and similar terms are involved? Generally, do not hyphenate such constructions. The following examples are all correct: â€Å"She bought the least expensive shampoo.† â€Å"I’ve never heard a less interesting story.† â€Å"That wasn’t the most regrettable part.† â€Å"We have a more likely explanation.† But use these words cautiously in such sentences. For example, â€Å"He made several more successful efforts† is ambiguous: Does it mean that the person added a few successful efforts to his record of previous successful ones, or that the person’s efforts were more successful than previous ones? Some writers choose to hyphenate â€Å"more successful† when appropriate in such a context, but such a strategy leads to inconsistency when the hyphen is omitted in a similar but unambiguous statement. â€Å"He made several additional successful efforts† or â€Å"He made several efforts that were more successful,† respectively, clarifies the writer’s intent without making exceptions. Very is another problematic term. Most writers likely consider it obvious that no hyphen belongs in â€Å"John held up a very full bucket,† but very stands alone even when it modifies a hyphenated phrasal adjective, as in â€Å"They chose three very well-liked students.† But compare these conventions with the custom for such words as little, much, seldom, and often. These words, all of which except often can be adjectives or adverbs, serve the latter function when they precede an adjective and a noun and in this case, they require a hyphen. (That’s counterintuitive, because adjectives are often hyphenated to a following word, while adverbs rarely are.) Here are some examples: â€Å"Mary spoke about a little-understood aspect of the animal’s behavior.† â€Å"He explained a much-misunderstood phenomenon.† â€Å"The seldom-seen plant is found in only one place.† â€Å"The project was plagued by interventions with often-inconclusive results.† (As with phrasal adjectives, these word pairs are not hyphenated after the noun. For example, â€Å"Mary spoke about an aspect of the animal’s behavior that is little understood.†) Note this exception: â€Å"The somewhat subjective report omitted some important details.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in S41 Words That Are Better Than GoodWhat Is a Doctor?

Clock Manufacturing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Clock Manufacturing - Essay Example All cuckoo clocks sold and manufactured within Austria have to comply with this new standard. However this new technical standard was not informed to the European Commission. European Parliament and Council Directive 98/34 on the provision of information in the field of technical standards, require that all new technical standards be notified to the Commission before they are brought into force. Secondly, from November 2005, following complaints from German trading standards officers about the poor quality of some cuckoo-clocks exported from Austria, all cuckoo clocks which did not meet the new technical standards specified were prohibited from being exported to countries outside Austria to preserve the reputation of the clock manufacturing tradition. This new legal provision was again not notified to the Commission. Considering these new standards and legal provisions in place and the fact that the European Commission has not been informed either of the new standards in place or the changes to legal provisions for export of clocks from Austria, legal advice on manufacturing and export/import issues could be given to the clients. The role of the direct effects of directives and access to justice for individuals with employment rights seem to be central in such situations1. Differentiating direct and indirect effects, indirect effects apply to a principle in EU law stating that EU directives are capable of dis-applying laws of member states if these laws are not approved by the EU under certain circumstances2. Thus in EU a directive is a legislative order requiring implementation by every member state of the union. Member states however do have the freedom to implement their own laws, yet they must comply with the aims of the original directives3. In contrast, regulations imply a single law that is directly effective on each Member state. EU law has the provision for incidental effects which is used in association with indirect effects of EU directives for suits that are filed against individuals4. An individual cannot be sued for failure to comply with EU directives. In a similar case C-194/94 CIA Security International SA v. Signalson SA and Securitel Sprl ([1996] ECR I-2201, the CIA had attempted to distribute a burglar alarm in Belgium which was not in accordance with the technical specifications laid out by the Belgian authorities. Yet, since the Belgian government had failed to inform the EU on these specifications, as required by a directive in 1983, the court ruled that this constituted a disrespect or degradation of the effectiveness of the EU directives. The EU directives are meant to remove barriers to trade within the EU5, and that the Belgian government's breach of this directive made the Belgian law inapplicable to individuals. This assignment is done to advise the clients Andreas, Bergland and Christina, who are facing similar problems and the cases for each are given below. The Legal Provisions: A new technical standard for Austrian cuckoo clock manufacturing was introduced in 2005 and this is a standard laid down by the Austrian authorities. The new regulations and legal standards that all manufacturers and sellers of Austrian clocks are required to follow are given in the context of advice to three clients namely Andreas, Bergland and Christina. The three cases are discussed separately according to the legal provisions available and the legal regulations

Learning profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Learning profile - Essay Example In the cardiac placement, I came across situations wherein patients would start complaining of chest pain and immediately nitroglycerine spray would be given three times after five minutes interval; later patient would be sent for angiography as patient would still be complaining of chest pain. All the above circumstances helped me increase my critical thinking skills. The role of nurses in all these encounters was very important and all of the situations were handled by the nurses very well. My previous clinical experience has helped me to use the critical thinking skills to provide patient care and will help me in this perceptorship. 2. Strengths in Clinical Practice (reflect on previous clinical rotations). I know my medications before administration e.g. effectiveness, side effects, signs of adverse drug reactions and/or drug interactions. I understand the importance of administrating medication on time and signing them on MAR after administration. I review documentation, prior d ocumentation and provide adequate time to document appropriately. My fluency in different languages (English, Punjabi, Urdu and Hindi) is an added asset for provision of care. E.g.

Township Planning in and around Chennai City Limits Research Proposal

Township Planning in and around Chennai City Limits - Research Proposal Example With specific subject related colleges represented by Anna University and Madras Medical College. Despite its ongoing development as a leading commercial metropolis, Chennai is also responsible for housing 5% of the entire slum population of India, together with a significantly high migrant population.1 This proposal will outline a framework for consideration based on the principal that as a city Chennai needs to incorporate a great many factors into its attempts to expand and develop industrially, educationally and for the benefit of its existing residents and future population. In particular it will seek to demonstrate the advantages of recent city growth in the form of townships. How the city is developing and reinventing itself as a consequence of these new developments The literature for this research will broadly split into three categories. Each category will be the focus of the three fundamental chapters. With the fourth and final chapter dedicated to rationalizing the findings. The first category will focus on the history of Indian town planning. This will provide a context within which the current situation and consequences of modern day townships being developed throughout Chennai will be rationalized. It will explore the reminiscent British influence and the Victorian concept of municipality and how this was first established in Madras (now Chennai). Research Publications such as the Transformation of Housing Policy and other documentation sourced from the Indian Institute of Public Administration, together with books like Indian Government & PoliticsBy Sharma Manoj which detail the period of the 1960's amongst others as eras that can be defined as playing a major role in the development of urban planning models. The second category to be investigated will involve a demographic overview including the current economic and social situation in Chennai in the twenty first century. This will be achieved through the presentation of collated statistics the overall socio-economic situation of the population by illustrating the differences across the city and its outskirts. There have been a number of qualitative and quantative research studies carried out on the population of this particular city including Quality of Life of Migrant Households in Urban Slums, by S. Sundari, Alcohol Abuse Among The Coastal Communities In Chennai District, Tamil Nadu Tsunami Resource Centre, Prof. L. S. S. Manickam Ph.D. Dr. Joshi Basil PhD, An Adaptive Ecosystem Approach to Managing the Urban Environment for Human Health, Martin J. Bunch. The case for being able to demonstrate the current situation of the people of Chennai, their history of housing issues, poverty and deprivation as a result of demographic circumstance will help legitimise the overall picture of Chennai as a city whose population has suffered and continues to do so without the necessary changes to infrastructures a nd controls on building and residency issues. These statistics will be supported by a number of text based

Fashion of America in the 1906's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fashion of America in the 1906's - Essay Example The essay "Fashion of America in the 1906's" talks about the fashion and trends in America during 1906. This inspired me to study the fashion events for understanding trends and comparing the old trends with the new ones. American first fashion design program was founded in the 1906. Persons established the Seventh Avenue of New York City as the home of American fashion. Seventh Avenue is respected being the first fashion-designing centre in New York. Parsons offers a bachelor degree in fine arts, fashion designing, and fashion marketing. Seventh Avenue is playing its role as an international fashion centre to educate the American youth on fashion aspects. Many artists appeared on the art horizon in the early 20th century with some exceptional work in the field. That period of the century is also known as the period of making and breaking. Eakins, Winslow home and Charles Russell displayed talent in painting and landscaping. Alfred showed mastery and soon became the famous photograph er of America. Newspaper changed from two columns to four-column tabloid style paper in the first decade of the 20th century. Newspaper â€Å"the Christian science monitor’ was found in 1908 in America. Fiction stories gained fame in women as women go the material of their interest in fiction books. Mary Jonson’s â€Å"to have and to hold† and â€Å"the Virginian† are the masterpieces that still entertain the people in America and outer world. These books and newspapers have gone through continuous updating with the passage of time. and are still liked by many Americans (Druesedow & Mitchell 34). The decade brought progressive education in all the fields of fashion life of American people. After the persons, other educational schools were opened for girls in 1900s (Thomas 2011). Men fashion also started getting touch of romance at the start of new century. Men in America used to wear long trousers with half sleeve shirts. Youths were crazy of motoring in smart dress. Use of goggles and hats increased amongst the youngsters especially for motoring and biking (Wilcox 48). Broad shoulder dressing was commonly used in 1906s. Cotton knit lightweight shirts got fame as beach and sportswear. Smart and slim women wore straight corset with long hips in order to give a small look to their waist. Automobile advancement also had long lasting effects on dressing of the people in 1906s. Women started wearing smaller skirts as for ease of travelling in the new model automobiles (Scheips 129). Hobble skirts were particularly used for walking and jogging. High button shoe that we still see some Hollywood stars wearing them, were first introduced in the first decade of the century (Thomas 2011). Americans adopted bobbed hairstyle after its first appearance in 1908. Hats got a lot of fame in 1906s and both the genders used hats extensively in the normal life. Different designs of hats were introduced catering for modern dressing. Large and small hats of different cloth and colour were very famous in 1900s (Wilcox 52). Advancement of technology brought about many changes in human life in that decade. Teddy Bear became a famous cartoon and his fashion spread fast in 1905. Job opportunities for railway, ships and different business opportunities changed the human lifestyle in that part of the world (Hall 58). Wright brothers made first human journey in 1903. This was a remarkable achievement of human mind in field of aviation. Cadillac and Ford introduced cheap cars for common Americans in the same decade (Scheips 125). Sunday

How to be an effective learning organization Essay

How to be an effective learning organization - Essay Example 23). Thirdly, these organizations have mental models that are the beliefs and assumptions held by the employees. Fourthly, effective learning organizations have personal mastery and this requires the employees to learn faster than in other organizations. Finally, these organizations must have a system thinking that requires the employees to work as joined objects. Furthermore, effective learning organizations should perform the following actions. They should promote training and employee development programs. Facilitate learning as an important aspect in the organizational culture (Jones, 2012, p. 23). Act as an example to other companies in the nature of effective case studies. Extend the learning to their partners to create profit centers. Base learning to establish a competitive edge. Finally, they should provide learning their clientele as an additional service. The best approach that can be used to explain my perspective with regards to the learning organizations is the classical theory. This theory was formulated at the start of the 20th century and presented a merger between the administrative theory and the scientific theory of management. It can also be noted that this theory was highly based on facts of Max Weber’s bureaucratic theory in 1947. This theory states that organizations should set up well defined structures that help define authority within an entity. This theory mainly focused on limiting diversity and ambiguity within organizations. It states that power within an entity should be hierarchical. This approach is important and made a crucial blue print of other theories that were formulated later (Daft, 2010: 23). This theory supports learning organizations that believe in the effectiveness of specialization while training their employees. This requires organizations to have asset of well-established formal rules.

Fashion of America in the 1906's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fashion of America in the 1906's - Essay Example The essay "Fashion of America in the 1906's" talks about the fashion and trends in America during 1906. This inspired me to study the fashion events for understanding trends and comparing the old trends with the new ones. American first fashion design program was founded in the 1906. Persons established the Seventh Avenue of New York City as the home of American fashion. Seventh Avenue is respected being the first fashion-designing centre in New York. Parsons offers a bachelor degree in fine arts, fashion designing, and fashion marketing. Seventh Avenue is playing its role as an international fashion centre to educate the American youth on fashion aspects. Many artists appeared on the art horizon in the early 20th century with some exceptional work in the field. That period of the century is also known as the period of making and breaking. Eakins, Winslow home and Charles Russell displayed talent in painting and landscaping. Alfred showed mastery and soon became the famous photograph er of America. Newspaper changed from two columns to four-column tabloid style paper in the first decade of the 20th century. Newspaper â€Å"the Christian science monitor’ was found in 1908 in America. Fiction stories gained fame in women as women go the material of their interest in fiction books. Mary Jonson’s â€Å"to have and to hold† and â€Å"the Virginian† are the masterpieces that still entertain the people in America and outer world. These books and newspapers have gone through continuous updating with the passage of time. and are still liked by many Americans (Druesedow & Mitchell 34). The decade brought progressive education in all the fields of fashion life of American people. After the persons, other educational schools were opened for girls in 1900s (Thomas 2011). Men fashion also started getting touch of romance at the start of new century. Men in America used to wear long trousers with half sleeve shirts. Youths were crazy of motoring in smart dress. Use of goggles and hats increased amongst the youngsters especially for motoring and biking (Wilcox 48). Broad shoulder dressing was commonly used in 1906s. Cotton knit lightweight shirts got fame as beach and sportswear. Smart and slim women wore straight corset with long hips in order to give a small look to their waist. Automobile advancement also had long lasting effects on dressing of the people in 1906s. Women started wearing smaller skirts as for ease of travelling in the new model automobiles (Scheips 129). Hobble skirts were particularly used for walking and jogging. High button shoe that we still see some Hollywood stars wearing them, were first introduced in the first decade of the century (Thomas 2011). Americans adopted bobbed hairstyle after its first appearance in 1908. Hats got a lot of fame in 1906s and both the genders used hats extensively in the normal life. Different designs of hats were introduced catering for modern dressing. Large and small hats of different cloth and colour were very famous in 1900s (Wilcox 52). Advancement of technology brought about many changes in human life in that decade. Teddy Bear became a famous cartoon and his fashion spread fast in 1905. Job opportunities for railway, ships and different business opportunities changed the human lifestyle in that part of the world (Hall 58). Wright brothers made first human journey in 1903. This was a remarkable achievement of human mind in field of aviation. Cadillac and Ford introduced cheap cars for common Americans in the same decade (Scheips 125). Sunday

The Tiffany & Co Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The Tiffany & Co Analysis - Research Paper Example This article is about Tiffany & Co analysis as a high-end jewelry company. We discuss briefly the history of the company history, its products, pioneers, location and distribution globally, and customer relation. The article also exploits the company’s’ new ventures in the jewelry industry. We also analyze the company position by performing a SWOT analysis to determine the various parameters influencing the company. The company has profound strength in its strong local existence, Positive brand image, well known for its silvery jewelry and strong direct selling strategy. Tiffany has some weakness as a result of declining cash flows and limited product range. Contrary to the weakness, the company prides in a number of opportunities such as Singapore as a luxury retail hub for Asian market and new business venture- Corporation with other companies to expand its market dominance. For the company to maintain its positive growth, it has to address the following threats; Prol iferation of imitation for its items and Economic slowdown This study also expands its analysis by looking at the quantitative variables that influence company performance. Here we scrutinize quantifiable variables of the company like company worth and predictable sales. The method involves analyzing profit and loss accounts, arithmetical state of the financial system, sales and earning histories. The variables discussed in this section are; Financial Ratio Analysis, Industry Specific Metrics and EV/Revenue Valuation. Under the financial analysis, we study the company’s Liquidity, Asset, and Debt Management and Profitability status. For specific company metrics; Sales per Retail Square Foot, Sales per Employee and Capital Intensity are as well discussed. The analysis winds with a EV/Revenue Valuation. The article finalizes by making suggestions which if incorporated can boost the company revenue, increase customer relation and deliver quality products to customers. The change in the company’s old model of management and market strategy will improve its goods and service delivery. We also take a conclusive analysis relating both quantitative and qualitative analysis to give advice to investor, buyers and company management on critical issues that needs to be addressed. We close the study by not recommending major fix within the company, but an advice to investor of the current company position and worthiness of making an investment. The fluctuations in major determining factors do not necessarily mean that the company is on the fall, but rather is responding to a change in prevailing conditions. Tiffany has shown excellent response to change in key determining factors like recession. Introduction Tiffany & Co. is the most popular lavish jewelry corporation in the United States of America.

Modern Technology Has Brought the Resurgence of Identity Theft Essay Example for Free

Modern Technology Has Brought the Resurgence of Identity Theft Essay Identity theft is one crime that has spawned from technological advancements. Criminals have developed numerous strategies on how to steal confidential and personal information. Dealing with identity theft may be a challenge since law enforcement personnel may not be fully competent in handling the cases since they may lack the required skills to be able to deal with such a crime while private people and even businesses have lost much because of this type of crime. The number of cases of identity theft has been constantly on the rise; however, the prevalence of the crime may as well be blamed on modern technology itself. Modern technology has brought about many conveniences for ordinary people and even for identity thieves. From only less than 10,000 reported cases of identity theft in 1999, the figure steadily climbed reaching around 50,000 in 2003 and more than 80,000 in 2006 (Infocycle, 2007). In the United Kingdom, credit card fraud has also been consistently increasing. In 2007, over 7,000 credit cards and debit cards were either lost or stolen. CPP Card Protection has indicated a 77 percent increase in credit card fraud compared to the figure on 2006 (Experian QAS, 2008). According to a study by Gartner, identity theft claimed 15 million victims in 2006 alone. The US Justice Department has recorded 226 cases of identity theft in 2005 but in the first half of 2006 alone, there were already 432 cases. The FBI also indicated that it is working on 1,587 cases relating to identity theft (ITRC, 2007). Preventing identity theft may not be as easy as it seems. Joel Reidenberg and Lawrence Lessig said concentrating on the â€Å"architectures of control† to prevent identity theft is the way to go. Solove, on the other hand, indicates that â€Å"architectures of vulnerability† should also be considered in addition to â€Å"architectures of control†. According to Solove, shaping architectures should be the focal point in the protection of privacy and not on remedies and penalties. He noted that architectures often provide a vulnerable point that identity thieves take advantage of. It is this lack of security that identity thieves are able to use a person’s personal information. He suggests that a public identification system be created as a solution to the problem (Solove, 2003). It is exactly new technology that produces these architectures and they are greatly flawed since many people can still bypass its security functions evidenced by the prevalence of identity theft on the Internet. Identity theft has gained much notoriety in the advent of buying and selling on the Internet. However, identity thieves can still use the old methods for obtaining personal information. Common methods are stealing wallets or mails, looking through residential trashcans or business dumpsters, posing as someone legally permitted to access personal information such as credit reports, or bribing their way to get the information (Newman, et. al. 2005). A phishing scam is another method of getting personal information out of a person. The Anti-Phishing Workgroup indicated that there are only 4,564 phishing websites in July 2005 but the number increased to 23,670 as of July 2006. A study at the University of Indiana also indicated that 14 percent of phishing scams are successful which contradicts the Gartner report which indicates only a three percent success rate. The Gartner research also found out that financial losses from phishing scams were $137 million in 2004 rising to $2. 8 billion in 2006 (ITRC, 2007). The fight against identity theft may be considered rather ineffective since law enforcement personnel lack the necessary resources to combat such a crime which is computer-related. Britz indicates that this kind of crime requires law enforcers to have knowledge of computers and other digital stuff. It may be noted that many law enforcement agencies do not have well-trained personnel to handle such cases. These personnel may also be acting several capacities at a given time. Computer technology has increased at an exponential rate as did technology related crime and this would require that law enforcers be trained to effectively handle such crimes (Britz, 2004). As technology improves, security is being compromised and this can be proven by the increasing number of identity theft crimes. While it is true that online banking and other services on the Internet provide much convenience, it also provides lesser risks of capture for identity thieves. Law enforcers could do little do prevent identity theft or to investigate such since not all of them have the capacity to do so and identity thieves are improving their arsenal of identity stealing techniques. Technology might also be considered as the root of the prevalence of identity theft. Even as identity theft was not considered a crime before 1998, it has existed for a long time. Modern computing and telecommunications technology has once again popularized identity theft since identity thieves can better elude law enforcers compared to going to a bank and making a transaction using stolen information (Arnold, 2000). Legislation has always tried to address cyber crime, but it is challenging for lawmakers to keep up since technology quickly evolves and cyber crime evolves with it. A good approach would be improving security measures, educating users, adopting a vigilant approach in combating cyber crime and a police force that is well-equipped to handle such crimes (Alaganandam, et. al. , 2005). Identity theft and other cyber crimes are also classified as white-collar crimes, thus, offenders do not receive harsh penalties. They can even use the money plundered to pay for their defense and they serve at least only one year in prison (Arnold, 2000). Identity thieves must be dealt with harsher penalties since they operate on a much larger scale today and are even comparable to bank robbers only less inclined to being caught and given much less media attention. The number of cases of identity theft is increasing at an exponential rate but this could most likely be blamed on modern technology especially since the Internet has become commercialized. New technology comes with new opportunities for identity thieves to gain access to personal information and using it for personal gains. Legislation can address this problem but it would prove to be a challenge since identity thieves are finding new ways of how to steal personal information as technology develops. Legislation must also address this by rendering harsher penalties for cyber criminals as they operate just like ordinary criminals, the only difference is that they work discreetly and have not been given media attention. Also, the victims do not really know that they have been victimized until after some time the thieving takes places. References Alaganandam, H. , Mittal, P. , Singh, A. , Fleizach, C. , 6 December 2005. Cybercriminal Activity. Retrieved September 7, 2008, from sysnet. ucsd. edu/~cfleizac/WhiteTeam-CyberCrime. pdf Arnold, T. 2000 June. Internet Identity Theft: A Tragedy for Victims. Software and Information Industry Association. Retrieved September 7, 2008, from www. siia. net/software/pubs/iit-00. pdf Britz, M. (2004). Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime: An Introduction. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Experian QAS. 22 August 2008. Holiday Fraud Threat. Retrieved September 3, 2008, from http://www. qas. co. uk/company/data-quality-news/holiday_fraud_threat_2614. htm Identity Theft Resource Center. 30 April 2007. Facts and Statistics. Retrieved September 3, 2008, from http://www. idtheftcenter. org/artman2/publish/m_facts/Facts_and_Statistics. shtml Infocycle. (2007). Government Bodies Must Play Their Part in Securing Against Identity Theft. Retrieved September 3, 2008, from http://www. infocycle. co. uk/index. php? option=com_contenttask=viewid=43Itemid=43 Newman, G. McNally, M. 2005 July. Identity Theft Literature Review. Retrieved September 3, 2008, from http://www. ncjrs. gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/210459. pdf. Solove, D. (2003). Privacy, and the Architecture of Vulnerability. Hastings Law Journal, 54. p. 1227. Retrieved September 3, 2008, from http://ssrn. com/abstract=416740

Business Strategy of Tata Consultancy Services (TCS)

Business Strategy of Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) TATA group of companies: Tata Group of companies is the largest private corporate group in India and has been recognized as one of the most respected companies in the world which was founded by Jamsedji R Tata in 1991. The company has operations in more than 85 countries across six continents and its companies export products and services to 80 nations and the Tata Group comprises (114) companies and subsidiaries in seven business sectors (Tata Sons Ltd., 2010). SBUs of TATA group 🙠 For details please refer to appendix no.1) SBUs which form a major part of the Tata group include: Tata steel Tata motors Ltd. Tata consultancy services Tata Technologies Tata tea Tata power Tata Communications Tata Teleservices Tata hotels 1.1 Company profile: Tata consultancy services (TCS) SBU of Tata group: http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ftrqMPzMyAWhIM::t=1usg=__pSSLT1wgbnRMMkApfc8zl-8DYsg= Source: http://biet.beadvg.org/images/logos/tcs_logo_cmyk.jpg Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) is one of the SBU of Tata group of companies. It is a Software services consulting company which is a subsidiary Tata group .It is the largest provider of information technology (IT) and business process outsourcing services in Asia. It has offices in 42 countries with more than 142 branches across the globe. The company is listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Bombay Stock Exchange(BSE) of India.TCS mainly offers a consulting-led, integrated portfolio of IT and IT-enabled services delivered through its unique strategic Global Network Delivery Model which is recognized as the benchmark of excellence in the IT industry (LinkedIn Corporation, 2010) .TCS is currently investing in new technologies, new processes people in order to achieve an competitive edge (Amdocs Ltd., 2010).(For details please refer to appendix no.2) TCS helps some of the worlds largest companies to adopt the right technology-enabled solution that helps them in following manner (Tata Sons Ltd., 2010). Optimize business performance Facilitate alignment of business with technology Connect their extended supply chains Reduce product development time Improve product differentiation Provide real-time business insight Lower operational costs TCS business structure: Following diagram illustrates operating structure of TCS: Fig 1.TCS operating structure Source: http://www.allbusiness.com/glossaries/organizational-structure/4943569-1.html 2 Business Level Strategies: TCS has developed its business level strategy by assuming as world financial institutions are in a tremendous shock of crisis and think of scaling up revenue from other industries. (Tata Consultancy Services Limited, 2010). TCS names its business divisions as Industry Service Practice which will help them to collect maximum revenue from Banking Financial Services and Insurance Sectors. (Please refer to appendix no. 3) Generic Business Strategies of TCS: TCS provides low cost Global delivery with the help global strategy. TCS mainly focus on customer relationship management customer retention in order increase the business revenue. TCS provides timely delivery of IT services with the help of proven delivery quality framework called as (iQMS) TCS uses differentiation strategy by providing low end services in terms of cost, resources. TCS also diffenciate its high end services such as consulting in term of niche offerings. TCS has strong knowledge management system resource Strength by which they has successful in reaching the overall cost leadership in the (IT) industry. TCS has develop a resolute strategy where they are providing (IT) services according to the requirements of customer and the nature of business. targeting new markets like Middle East, Europe, and Asia-pacific. Currently TCS Focus on Centres of Excellence (CoE) to hold ability so as to construct technologies such as service-oriented architecture, testing, and virtualization which will help TCS to attempt outsized projects so as to alter customers (IT) applications. Business level strategy model: Following diagram illustrates various business level strategies of TCS which are closely related to the company. Fig 2. Business level strategy model-TCS Source: Author Business level Strategies are listed below: Global Strategies Strategic Alliance strategy Acquisition strategy TCS: Co innovation network (coin) strategy (1) Global strategy: TCS global strategy structure tend towards its global operations to implement a Customer centric and integrated approach which will help them to control external factors arising from the Economic Meltdown in western countries. TCSs global operation units is divided into five main divisions includes the established markets like North America K Western Europe as well as the new markets includes mainly Latin America, Middle east, India and Eastern Europe. TCS was the first one to set the global delivery centre in China which distinguished TCS from other corporate companies (Mitra, 2005). This global strategy of TCS will Increase Companys market growth rate at the rate of 40% every year. TCS is establishing global delivery centres outside India which demonstrate TCS as a Global company. In recent years TCS was frequently changing its approach towards global market. (For details please refer to appendix no .3) Global strategy map: Following map illustrated the countries where TCS collaborate its global strategy Mainly includes US, Mexico, China, India, Hungary, UK, West-Europe etc. http://htmlimg3.scribdassets.com/entwg1s84irfuww/images/15-8f526c1a8f/000.jpg Fig.3 Global Strategy map Source: http://www.cogmap.com/chart/tata- consultancy-services 2 Strategic Alliances strategy: Tata consultancy services have been holding a strategic relationship with various International technology (IT) vendors such as Intel, Hewlett-Packard (HP), IBM this distinguished as service provider, customer, supplier, and alliance partner. (Mitra, 2005). The relationships with the international technology vendors have made TCS to maintain a holistic approach to create a joint venture opportunities with these international vendors on joint research by which each others strengths will provide a strategic advantage by following ways(For details please refer to appendix no.4) It creates joint engagements with (IT) vendors. It provide new or improved solutions on problems It helps to adopt a Joint go-to-market strategy for the specific (IT) solutions. 3. Acquisition strategy: TCS divides its acquisition strategy into two components. Organic means and inorganic means (Mitra, 2005). The Inorganic way of acquisitions of companies this has business sense to TCS as part of its strategy to look at expansion options has set up an internal team which will focus only on acquisition strategies.(For details please refer to appendix no.5) 4. Co- innovation network (coin) strategies: TCS have implemented a Co-innovation strategy in order to face the competition in todays globalization world. Where competition among the IT companies is increasing day by day. TCS has developed implement an innovative technology which will result in collaborating a Globally Distributed Network (GDN) (Mitra, 2005). (Please refer to appendix no.6) Bowmans strategic clock: Business level strategy of TCS can also be explained with the help of Bowmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s Strategic clock (work of Cliff Bowman) (For details please refer to appendix no.7) Fig 4. Bowmans strategic clock Source: Adopted from (Faulkner Bowman, 1995) Based on the competition faced by TCS they are using two parallel strategies so as to sustain in the (IT) sector. Differentiation:-TCS use differentiation strategy by offering its low high end services such as consulting in term of niche offerings terms of cost resources. Expertise that is different from those of the competitors in (IT) industry which are valued by the customers. Low price:-TCS has achieved cost (price) leadership in the (IT) industry with the help of its strong knowledge management system as compare to competitors. According to Bowmans strategic clock differentiation Low price strategy comes under hybrid strategy. So, it is evident that TCS use these strategies in order to keep up with the emerging (IT) trends and working out towards its goal of being the most chosen brand in the (IT) industry. TCS Business level Strategies can also be identified and explained with the help of Ansoff matrix which divides the strategy of a company into four different categories namely, (i) Market Penetration Strategy (ii) Market Development Strategy (iii) Product Development Strategy (iv) Diversification Strategy TCSs growth and development strategies based on Ansoffs matrix Ansoffix growth matrix 🙠 For details please refer to appendix no.8) TCSS Business level Strategies can also be identified and explained with the help of Assnsoff matrix as follows: Existing Products New Products (Market Penetration) Existing Markets: USA and Europe Existing Products: ADM, BPO, KPO, consultancy services software products. (Product Development) Existing Market: USA and Europe New Product: Consultancy and package implementation services in relatively growing sectors life sciences healthcare, aviation sector, and KPO services (Market Development) New markets: India, Middle-east and Australia Existing Products: ADM, BPO, KPO, consultancy services Software products (financial products). (Diversification) New products: vertical- Specific services packages, TCS Financial Solutions, and Platform-based BPO New markets: Latin America, Eastern Europe, Middle East Africa and India), Existing Market New Market Fig 4. Ansoffix growth matrix of TCS Source: Author (i) Market penetration strategy: As per the growth matrix TCS is currently penetrates its range of services into USA and Europe where they provide ADM, BPO, KPO, consultancy services (in BFSI, manufacturing and retail firms) as well as they provide software products (financial products) to the firms as most large clients in US and Europe are concentrating on cutting costs of (IT) related services (Tata Consultancy Services Limited, 2010). TCS needs to be more aggressive on cost cutting strategy with good quality. (ii) Market development strategy: As per the growth matrix TCS is concentrating on new markets like India, Middle-east and Australia where they provide products like ADM, BPO, KPO consultancy services (in BFSI, manufacturing and retail) and software products (financial products) (Tata Consultancy Services Limited, 2010).Since these are the most fast developing IT market where TCS needs to keep a paradigm as a shift in focus from US EU markets to these new markets. (iii) Product Development Strategy: As per the growth matrix TCS is selling its new products such as Consultancy and package implementation services in relatively growing sectors especially in life sciences healthcare, aviation sector, and KPO services into existing markets like USA and Europe (Tata Consultancy Services Limited, 2010). This strategy will definitely help on building expertise in these domains by strategic acquisitions. (iv) Diversification strategy: As per the growth matrix TCS has diversified their new products like vertical- Specific services packages, TCS Financial Solutions, and Platform-based BPO into new markets like Europe and other emerging markets where the market growth of the company has increased by 40 % (Tata Consultancy Services Limited, 2010).TCS diversified its function to new markets like Latin America and Middle East for considerable expansion. In order to penetrate a new market TCS has established delivery and offshore centres in countries like Brazil, Uruguay and Mexico. 3 Strengths weaknesses based on business Level Strategies: Following table illustrates (TCS) strengths and weaknesses: Strengths Weaknesses Extensive Universal reach Strong economic performance Strong brand name and awareness Unique service Offerings Employee Management Skills (HR Skills) Innovation lab system Fame of founder Momentous publicity to financial markets Lack of focus on the domestic markets. Deficient in level of consulting Operations Source: Author 3.1 Strengths: (1) Extensive Universal reach: TCS has widespread a global reach by its product and services throughout its branches all over the world includes in UK, U.S, Middle east, Australia, Europe etc. (Tata Consultancy Services Limited, 2010). This provides a diverse revenue base for the company to have an active control on its business operations universally. (2) Strong economic performance: TCS has made apparent and strong economic presentations around the globe which makes its clients to be financially confident about the company and hence it will increase companys reputation. (3) Strong brand name and awareness: As the popularity of the brand TCS (Tata consultancy services) has been reach all over the world which made TCS a reputed brand image in the Global information technology (IT) and software industries. (4) Unique service Offerings: TCS provides a unique range of services including business consulting; information technology, business process outsourcing (BPO), infrastructure, and engineering which distinguished them from competitors belong to IT industry (Tata Consultancy Services Limited, 2010). (5) Employee Management Skills (HR Management Skills): The domestic base of TCS i.e. India is well -known for its skilled employees in IT field which naturally made TCS a very strong in HR management .TCS is also recruited its board of Directors are from overseas countries in order to adopt the strategies from all the parts of the world. (6) Innovation in lab system: TCS have most effective infrastructures and innovative labs all over the world with most modern technologies which help its employees to have an access to update the most up-to-date information to make research in various IT related fields (Tata Consultancy Services Limited, 2010). This provides TCS an competitive edge. (7) Fame of founder: Tata is recognised as the most renowned brand in Asia as well as the fame of the founder Mr.Ratan J Tata also added value to TCS (Tata Consultancy Services Limited, 2010). 3.2 Weaknesses: (1) Momentous publicity to financial markets: The Excess exposure on the financial service markets at a global level (Datamonitor, 1998). Which generally necessitate to be keep confidential as they it displays companys private policies and legal terms which is considered as the primary key weakness of Tata consultancy services (TCS) (2) Lack of focus on the domestic markets: As per the strength of TCS it has an Extensive Universal reach by its product and services throughout it are all over the world branch which provides a diverse revenue base for the company. (Datamonitor, 1998). But at the same time domestic markets are also affected due to lack of focus by the company. This is the key weakness of Tata consultancy services (TCS). (3) Deficient in level of consulting operations: Lack in Effective consulting team which show a strong reflection of decline in the growth Cycle of the TCS, Being a company which mainly works on Outsourcing on scale large projects and assignment which generally needs a very good effective consulting team which acts as the link between the Clients and company (Tata Consultancy Services Limited, 2010).TCS company is lacking behind in its level of consulting operations. Report to the Board of Directors To, The Board of Directors, Tata consultancy services Ltd. Subject: Recommendations for the (TCS) business unit. Respected Board members, In the report which is attached along with a critical research and analysis has been done on the corporate strategy followed by your company. The research and analysis has been conducted by using various corporate strategy tools and methods and the companys past and current strategies have been highlighted. On the basis of the strengths and the weaknesses of these strategies we have stated so; following are the recommendations which I was able to generate after studying the strategies adopted by the TCS: TCS should create specific value propositions aimed directly at the relevant stakeholders which include business executives, IT personnel in order to improve your market positioning in domestic markets. The excess exposure on the financial service markets which usually need to be kept confidential is considered as the main weakness of TCS so they can should focus more on increasing their IP (Intellectual Property) assets in order to lower the momentous publicity to financial markets (Tata Consultancy Services Limited, 2010). TCS can also go for isolation strategies with premium services like IT solutions and focus on a niche market. In market Meltdowns (recession) marketing can work as a differentiator. TCS can alter its focus from Low cost advantage to high quality services considering quality being pioneer in the (IT) industry. TCS can offer diverse services to refrain from being over-dependent and increasing exposure to the vulnerabilities of few sectors like USA. TCS can adopt ADM (Application Development and maintenance) system to increase value added services, BPO to Consulting and Package Implementation (Tata Consultancy Services Limited, 2010). Consolidation and strategic acquisitions are essential for future growth of revenues. The HP-EDS merger (one of the biggest ever merger in this industry) is evidence to this. TCS should prepare for such opportunities which are strategic fit for the company. TCS has rightly placed SMB (Small and Medium Businesses) as a separate strategic unit, which should be focused aggressively. They should also focus consulting practice on the same business unit (Tata Consultancy Services Limited, 2010).

Down Syndrome Essays -- essays research papers

Sometimes when meiosis ( the division of reproductive cells ) occurs, chromosomes may be lost, left behind, or too many may be passed on, resulting in the birth of a child with a genetic or congenital defect or disease. One of the most common of these genetic disorders is Down syndrome. This disorder takes its name from Dr. Langdon Down, who was the first to describe it formally, in 1866. Down syndrome is a condition marked by abnormal physical and mental development that is caused by a genetic defect. This genetic defect is caused by an extra chromosome. People born with Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes compared to the normal amount of 46, 23 chromosomes inherited from each parent. This extra chromosome originates more often in the mother's egg than the father's sperm. Chromosomes are individual, large DNA molecules in a cell nucleus. They contain the genes along with structures that hold the DNA and aid it in expressing heredity by orchestrating cellular operations. Down syndrome is one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities, occurring in about 1 out of 800 births. However, the frequency of the disorder varies greatly according to the age of the mother. For women in their twenties the rate is 1 in 2,000 but it rises steeply to 1 in 100 by the time a woman reaches 40. Down syndrome is usually recognized soon after birth because of characteristic facial features such as a flattened nose, upward slanting of the eyes, a large tongue that often protrudes from a smal... Down Syndrome Essays -- essays research papers Sometimes when meiosis ( the division of reproductive cells ) occurs, chromosomes may be lost, left behind, or too many may be passed on, resulting in the birth of a child with a genetic or congenital defect or disease. One of the most common of these genetic disorders is Down syndrome. This disorder takes its name from Dr. Langdon Down, who was the first to describe it formally, in 1866. Down syndrome is a condition marked by abnormal physical and mental development that is caused by a genetic defect. This genetic defect is caused by an extra chromosome. People born with Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes compared to the normal amount of 46, 23 chromosomes inherited from each parent. This extra chromosome originates more often in the mother's egg than the father's sperm. Chromosomes are individual, large DNA molecules in a cell nucleus. They contain the genes along with structures that hold the DNA and aid it in expressing heredity by orchestrating cellular operations. Down syndrome is one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities, occurring in about 1 out of 800 births. However, the frequency of the disorder varies greatly according to the age of the mother. For women in their twenties the rate is 1 in 2,000 but it rises steeply to 1 in 100 by the time a woman reaches 40. Down syndrome is usually recognized soon after birth because of characteristic facial features such as a flattened nose, upward slanting of the eyes, a large tongue that often protrudes from a smal...

Parisian Realism Artists of the 19th Century

The following body of work focuses upon Realism and the artists, Manet (not to be confused with Monet) and Degas, two Parisian artists of the 1800s who captured the lives of the French people through their paintings.   Realism’s definition, it’s three defining characteristics, and its place in the time line of art history will be briefly presented, moving into the similarities and differences, such as mediums used in the artists’ works and their subjects of focus, found between Manet and Degas, in regards to their life’s passion as artists of the 19th century.   Brief summaries of each artist’s life will precede comparison of two selected â€Å"famous works† to compare and contrast the artists manifested passions for the work each created.RealismRealism is a style of painting which depicts subject matter-form, color, space-as it appears in actuality or ordinary visual experience without distortion or stylization (progressiveart.com).   Through realism, subjects are depicted in as straightforward a manner as possible, without idealizing them and without following rules of formal artistic theory (artcyclopedia.com).   Little emotional value is depicted, as the painter shows nature and people just the way he or she observes them (horton.ednet).Realism began to appear on the art scene in the 18th century, following the styles of Romanticism and Neoclassicism; French realism, in particular, was considered the guiding influence on the philosophy of Impressionists (artcyclopedia.com).   Manet and Degas were both considered Impressionists as well as Realists, Manet eventually being considered the leader in the Impressionist movement (artchive.com).Edgar Degas (1834-1917)Born in 1834 to a wealthy Parisian family, Degas was considered a shy, insecure, aloof individual; he never married.   Due to the family’s status, there was never a shortage of funds for his passion of art (artchive.com)[1].   Receiving his training in Louis Lamothe’s studio, Degas displayed the intense influence of paintings and frescoes he observed on long trips to Italy; his notebooks are filled with these subjects (metmuseum.com)[2].   He eventually came to â€Å"maturity† as a painter in the 1860s, where history painting was considered the most popular art at the time (artchive.com).Degas varied with mediums and supports, ranging from his classical training of oil painting on canvas to working with pastels on paper.   Sometimes he would combine mediums, as evident with his combination of oil and tempera paint on canvas with Dance School, dated 1874.   His subjects were typically women, especially noted for his observation of ballet in the 1880s, and people’s faces, of which he started out with self-portrait work before moving onto Parisians of low class.*Dance School, 1874[3]This work captures several different activities going on in a dance class.   There is the instructor, with whom three students are focused on the instruction being given.   A dancer in the left foreground pays attention to the violinist before her, as if waiting for a cue, from the music being played, to either join her classmates directly behind her or perhaps to wander to another part of the room where other students can be found.   This appears to be a possibility with another dancer, who stands poised with her head tilted to the left, listening for the moment to pull her into full stance and move into formation with her fellow classmates.The young lady directly behind her appears to be distracted, perhaps bored with the routines that are consistently taught, as she places her arms up around her head and looks slightly upward towards the ceiling.   A dancer at the window may be also distracted or bored but the observer is unaware due to the nature of her back being turned towards the class.   A final dancer stands at the bar, leg extended and appears to be concentrating on her bala nce and poise, or perhaps preparing herself to join the class after a proper warm up.Light from outside streams into the classroom, softly touching the floor, reaching out to add a sort of quiet lingering in the room; for all the various activities in the room, one would assume a sort of busy, almost chaotic sense would linger, creating distraction for all dancers, and even perhaps the musician and dance instructor, while in the midst of this setting.Eduard Manet (1832-1883)Manet was born in 1832, into the Parisian bourgeoisie.   Although well educated, he didn’t excel in the academic world; he displayed a passion for the arts at an early age and was encouraged by his mother’s brother to pursue this passion.   It wasn’t until after serving a brief time in the Merchant Marines in 1850 that he took up study with Thomas Couture, of which he stayed with his mentor until 1856.   During this time, he displayed preference for the works of Valazquez and Goya but f elt that â€Å"one’s art should reflect ideas and ideals of the present, rather than the past† (artchive.com).Manet, much like Degas, focused on the lower class Parisian people, a class unlike the class either one were born into.   Manet also had a preference for nude models in his work, of which he displayed in some of his work, the most popular-and controversial work being Olympia, an oil paint on canvas work from 1863.   His mainstay for medium preference was oil paint with a canvas support.*Olympia, 1863[4]The painting that caused a stir in 1863, one of which Manet did not intend.   The artist didn’t consider himself a radical, like Courbet but this work caused controversy just the same (artchive.com).   In the painting, there is a woman appearing to be reclining, with a relaxed, non aroused appearance not only found in her expression but can also be seen in her posture.   She wears a few simple pieces of jewelry, a flower tucked behind her left ea r, and one of her slippers has fallen off of her foot, yet she doesn’t seem to pay too much attention.   A small black cat, almost hidden in the shadows, arches its back and eyes are wide.The indentation made by the lady’s elbow emphasizes the softness of the pillows she reclines upon, and the floral scarf or shawl she is holding in one hand-with the remainder appearing out from under her lower body, seems to add a touch of color to the otherwise stark, white of the bedding she is resting upon.   Emerald curtains, perhaps made of velvet or a similar heavy fabric used with window treatments, hang in the background, one pulled aside just right of the subject’s head.To her left, it appears as if a servant of the house has brought flowers into the room; from a suitor or maybe even from the painter himself-although Manet was newly married at the time of the painting.   The servant’s expression displays a hint of trying to capture the attention of the rec lining woman but to no avail.Compare/ContrastDegas and Manet were working at the same time, and although Degas worked with other mediums and supports, such as pastel on paper, the two artists focused upon the common people of Paris, mainly women.   Degas has been more noted for his work with dance classes, Manet for his focus with women, such as the subject in Olympia, and the barmaid in A Bar at Folies-Bergeres, 1881-82[5].   Natural, relaxed expressions are to be found on the faces of the women who were the subjects of these two Parisian artists, bodies not posed for endless, exhausting hours appear to be more relaxed, giving a sense of â€Å"in the moment† with the work displayed, from beginning to completion.Similarity is found in the ability to allow subjects to â€Å"just be,† as opposed to awkward posing and unrealistic facial expressions. Difference can be found in the quality of the completed work, focusing on the mediums implemented by each artist.   Ma net’s use of oil on canvas provides a polished, almost photograph-like appearance, almost as if numerous sessions were undertaken to capture the quality of the resulting work.   Degas’ use of oil and tempera on canvas, sometimes an implementation of pastels and paper, gives a more â€Å"on the spot,† beginning on sight and then moving away to completion upon return to the studio quality to his finished work.SummaryManet and Degas, Parisian artists of the 19th century, men who were noted as Impressionists as well as Realists of their time, captured the images of the people of France, Paris and low class citizens in particular, and brought them to life on canvas for the world to eventually come to view; their works are displayed across the globe, from such places as Shelburne, Vermont to London to Paris.   Manifesting real life images, in a more natural state of being, was the center of the work Manet and Degas focused on in the duration of their art careers, influencing fellow and future artists to explore capturing the moment, and bringing the moment to life on the canvas.Works Citedwww.artchive.comHughes, Robert.   Nothing if not Critical: Selected Essays on art and Artists.*DegasMacDonald, Lisa.   1999.*Manetwww.artcyclopedia.com*Characteristics of Realismwww.google.com*Characteristics of Realismhttp://www.horton.ednet.ns.ca/staff/syme/arthistory/tsldo39.htm*Definition of Realismhttp://www.progressiveart.com/art_terms.htmwww.metmuseum.orgSchenkel, Ruth.   Edgar Degas: 1834-1917 Painting and Drawing.   In Timeline ofArt History.   New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/dgsp/hd_dgsp.htm[1] Notes from Huges, Robert.   Nothing if not Critical: Selected Essays on art and Artists.   www.artchive.com [2] Notes from Schenkel, Ruth.   Edgar Degas: 1834-1917 Painting and Drawing.   In Timeline of Art History.   New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.   http://www.metmuseum. org/toah/hd/dgsp/hd_dgsp.htm [3] Image can be found at www.artchive.com [4] Image can be found at www.artchive.com [5] Image can be found at www.artchive.com

History of James Town Virginia Essay

James town is regarded as the first permanent English colony in America. It was founded in 1607 in Virginia. Physically, this colony had an upper hand in military benefits since it had a deep mooring which acted as the harbor for ships as well as being far up the James River in a location that was out of sight of the Spanish whom the Britons did not want a confrontation with. The site was also semi arid in nature and the colony was fully protected on all its 3 sides by the marshes and by the James River. Its founding led to a series of encounters in terms of culture and these aided in shaping America as a nation and the world at large (Carbone, 17) . The culture and lifestyles of these early Virginians is what has shaped the heritage of United States in terms of governance, language, beliefs, aspirations and customs. The establishment of James town as a colony was sponsored by a group of investors who called themselves the Virginia Company of London. The main aim of this company was to benefit in terms of monetary gains especially from new outlets and colonies. The company was also established in a way to compete with the French and the Spanish internationally (Haile, 14). This group set out on the basis of a charter granted to the company by King James I. the main reasons why King James sent the ships to sail was to go forth and find gold, find a direct route to the south seas, and /or find the lost Roanoke Colony. Jamestown was therefore the first British colony in North America. The aim of these investors was to benefit in terms of profits from this venture. The first ships to reach the Virginia coast were The Susan Constant, Discovery and Godspeed which arrived there in late April 1606. These ships carried a total of 105 passengers. Captain Christopher Newport led the expedition and after two weeks, they discovered a site along James River that was favorable in terms of its good defensive position and deep water anchorage. The site that these explorers chose was 60 kilometers from the bay of James River. The reason for this was that the expeditors did not want any conflict with the Spaniards who had already settled there (Colonial Life Jamestown 1607, 1998). The passengers disembarked on the day after and started settling. These first colonialists were made of upper class Englishmen. The location of the colony was in the midst of Algonquian-speaking Indians who were governed by a powerful ruler referred to as Powhatan. The main aim of the passengers on board the three small ships was glory and destiny, wealth and discovery. Little did they know that the steps they had taken for their own benefit and their own personal beliefs and dreams that they set out to achieve was the first step in the birth of a nation currently called the United States of America (Smith, 13). Problems faced in the colony. The established of the colony was faced with many problems that included establishment of the colony in a poor location that was insect infected, marshy and which lacked fresh waters. This lack of water led to diseases like Malaria and dysentery which claimed many lives. Other problems in the newly established colonies were the in ability to deal with the native Indians which led to frequent war fares. The first colonialists were lazy and they hated farming and therefore they were unable to feed themselves. The original colonialists were not ready to engage in any form of labor even if it was for their own personal interests of preservation. They were not used to hard manual labor and since they were considered as gentlemen, they preferred lazing around to working in the farm. This led to the death toll in the colony being catastrophic and this led to an unprecedented savagery level (Doherty, 7-8). The area that the original colonialists chose was low lying and swampy and this made it a good spot as a breeding ground for insects and more so mosquitoes. This therefore made the original colonialists to be vulnerable to a variety of diseases. Because of the marshy nature of the Island, it was impossible for the colonialists to obtain fresh water and this made them drink the salty water from the James River or that from the well which was brackish in nature (Bridenbaugh, 47). The colonialists were also unable to maintain or form a peaceful and workable relationship with the Native Indians. This made the relationship between the settlers from Britain and the Powhatans Indians to be strained and violent in the whole of the colonial period (Morgan, 90). The high rate of mortality rates was also a major problem in James town. It is estimated that 3 out of the 4 6000 settlers who settled in James town between 1607 and 1624 died. This increase in mortality rate led to the Colony being referred as â€Å"a hellhole where savage death, illness and death awaited (Doherty, 112). In the early days, the colony also suffered from explosions and fires which were disastrous and the city is reported to have been burnt down twice. Governance of the colony The colony was initially governed by a council of 7 members whereby one member served as the president. Serious relationships in terms of relations with the Indians soon emerged even though there were established trading opportunities. The colony was affected by a rise in disease and death due to lack of water, supply of blackish water and an unfamiliar climate, conditions which were influenced by a prolonged drought. Because the original colonialists of this colony were upper class Englishmen, there was lack of skilled farmers and sufficient labors in the colony. The passengers of these ships were mainly townsmen and adventurers who were more concerned with farming as compared to farming. Therefore they were unequipped in terms of temperament and the ability to embark and adapt in a new life in the wilderness. In September 1609, Captain John Smith took over as the leader of the colony. He was the fourth council president and he is best known for establishing the no work, no food policy. This policy meant that those people who did not participate in the work shall not share in the food as well. He was also very instrumental and influential in trading with the Indians for food. He therefore emerged as a dominant figure and he was able to instill discipline and this was influential in holding the colony together. This he achieved despite constant attacks from the Native Americans, starvation and constant quarrels. Captain Smith was injured in the fall of 1609 by burning gunpowder and this made him leave for England never to return to Virginia again. His departure led to the descent of the colony into anarchy. John Smith is proclaimed to be the only man who was able to maintain peace between the Indians and the settlers. After his departure, the colony was faced with a starving time which was basically a warfare period between the Native Indians and the Colonialists. The Starving Time involved a colony that was hard hit by a winter season that led to the freezing of the river. This led to the death, through disease, of many Britons both men and women. Many of these colonialists succumbed to disease in the winter of 1609-1610 and died. By May 1610, only 20% of the original first colonialists were arrive i. . 60 of the original 300 who were settlers in Virginia (Smith, 58). It was at this time that the colonialists decided to leave James town and therefore abandon it. No sooner had they decided this than other settlers arrived in Virginia in search of wealth. These settlers arrived in 1610 and they carried with them supplies from England. Their arrival was based on a second charter granted by King James I. the provision of this charter was a stronger leadership which was to be implemented by a governor who worked hand in hand with a group of advisors. This charter also provided for a period of military law that could be introduced and this law carried with it a harsh punishment that was implemented on those who did not follow orders or those who refused to obey. It was in 1619 at Jamestown where the first British representative government in America began. The new settlers’ aimed at making profits for the Virginia Company and therefore they involved themselves in various small industries that included wood production, glassmaking and tar, potash and pitch manufacture. However these ventures were not successful (Smith, 58). It was John Rolfe who in 1613 introduced tobacco as a cash crop with an aim of profiting the company. The embracement of tobacco as a cash crop led to the rapid growth and expansion of Virginia colony. This is because its cultivation required large amounts of investment in terms of land labor. This made the settlers to move to the lands formerly occupied by the Native Indians. This also led to more servants coming to Virginia. This was a development that revolutionized the economy of Virginia. What John Rolfe did was to simply cross breed the seed of imported tobacco from West Indies with that of the native plants and this led to the development of a new variety that fitted and was pleasing in taste to the preferences of the Europeans. Even after this development, the prosperity of Virginia colony did not occur immediately. This is because during this period, the rate of death from starvation, diseases and attacks from the native Indians was still very high. On average, around 14000 Britons had migrated to the Virginia colony between the years 1607 and 1924. However by the end of 1924, only about 1,132 Britons were living there (Traugh, 96). Relationship between Jamestown and other colonies. There came a time in the mid 17th century whereby the mother country i. e. England paid little attention to its American colonies. This led to England neglecting some of its colonies in North America. The colonies in North America also suffered from the bitter religious and political contention that existed in the Mother country and Jamestown was not excluded. The bitter rivalries in religion that occurred in Britain affected the overseas colonies Jamestown included (Traugh, 96).